Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In Malaysia, the diagnosis of ADHD is made using the Diagnostics and Statistics Manual Version 5 (DSM5) which is published by the American Psychological Association (APA). The interventions for ADHD typically involves a multimodal approach, combining behavioral interventions, educational support, and sometimes medication. Here are some common interventions for ADHD.
Behavioural therapy
Behavioural interventions aim to improve specific behaviours and teach coping strategies. Techniques such as positive reinforcement, token systems, and time-outs are often used to encourage positive behaviors and discourage negative ones. Behavioural therapy helps individuals with ADHD develop better organisational skills, impulse control, and social skills. However, do be cautious with interventions that promote Behavior Modification as there could be detrimental effects in the long run. Run about the harmful effects of behaviour modification, here.
Parent training and education
Parents play a crucial role in managing ADHD. Educating parents about ADHD and its management can help them understand their child’s condition better and equip them with strategies to support their child at home and in school. Parents spend more time with their children compared to interventionists, teachers or therapists. Therefore, parent education is imperative to ensure a holistic approach taken.
Classroom accommodations
Teachers can make adjustments in the classroom environment to support students with ADHD. This may include providing preferential seating, breaking tasks into smaller steps, using visual aids, and offering frequent breaks to allow for movement. If a school or education setting claims they are inclusive, always find out what this means. Being inclusive mean making the necessary accommodations for all students and not making the students adapt to classroom expectations.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
CBT helps individuals with ADHD identify negative thought patterns and replace them with more constructive ones. It can also address emotional regulation, problem-solving, and social skills. If this is the chosen route, ensure that the practitioner is qualified to do that type of therapy. A CBT therapist can be any healthcare professional who has been specially trained in CBT, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, mental health nurse or GP.
Social skills training
This intervention focuses on teaching individuals with ADHD appropriate social behaviors and communication skills. It helps improve interactions with peers and reduces social difficulties. In this instances, it is also important to approach social skills training in a positive manner rather than something that is “forced’ on them. Take the time to explain the reasonings behind certain socially accepted actions or behaviours.
Medication
In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage ADHD symptoms. Commonly used medications include stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine-based drugs) and non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine). Medication is often used in conjunction with behavioral interventions. Medication should not be administered lightly as it usually entails long-term use of it. Ensure that a qualified medical practitioner is consulted.
Exercise and physical activity
Regular physical activity has been shown to be beneficial for individuals with ADHD. Exercise can help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and manage hyperactivity. In cases of hyperactivity, exercise and physical movements is an excellent and healthy outlet to release built up energy.
Organization and time-management training
Learning effective organizational strategies and time-management techniques can help individuals with ADHD manage their daily tasks more efficiently. There are apps and reminders on smart devices that are helpful with time management these days.
Support groups
Joining support groups can be beneficial for both individuals with ADHD and their families. These groups provide a sense of community, validation, and an opportunity to share experiences and coping strategies. Most people in similar situations are always happy to share what has worked or did not work for them. There is not one solution for everyone, so having a support group – be it as someone with ADHD or as a caregiver, can prove resourceful.
It is essential to work with healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, and educators, to tailor interventions to the specific needs of each individual with ADHD. The combination of behavioral interventions and, when appropriate, medication can significantly improve the quality of life for people with ADHD.
English 
Malay